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The Animate and The Inanimate

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A group of 33 students (mean age 20.12 years) at the University of Bourgogne participated in the study in exchange for course credits. None were taking any medication known to affect the central nervous system. Stimuli The animate gender would then later, after the separation of the Anatolian languages, have developed into the feminine and masculine genders. The plural of neuter/inanimate nouns is believed to have had the same ending as collective nouns in the singular, and some words with the collective noun ending in singular were later to become words with the feminine gender. Traces can be found in Ancient Greek in which the singular form of verbs was used when they referred to neuter words in plural. In many Indo-European languages, such as Latin and the Slavic languages, the plural ending of many neuter words in the merged nominative–accusative–vocative corresponds to the feminine singular nominative form. Gardiner, J. M. (1988). Functional aspects of recollective experience. Memory & Cognition, 16, 309–313. doi: 10.3758/BF03197041

The same word stimuli as in Experiment 1 were used here. In addition, 56 new words (half animate and half inanimate) were added for the “new” responses in the recognition task. These new words (“new”) matched the initial experimental words (“old”) on objective word frequency (“old,” M = 12.43, SD = 24.22, min–max = 0.03–115.3; “new,” M = 12.73, SD = 25.94, min–max = 0.03–144.3; t< 1), age of acquisition (“old,” M = 2.64, SD = 0.73, min–max = 1.15–4.2; “new,” M = 2.73, SD = 0.83, min–max = 1.35–4.62; t< 1), and number of letters (“old,” M = 6.55, SD = 1.89, min–max = 3–10; “new,” M = 6.80, SD = 2.27, min–max = 3–15; t< 1). Apparatus More animate words ( M = 22.30, SD = 3.55) were recognized than inanimate words ( M = 20.33, SD = 5.32), t(32) = 2.54, p = .016. Animacy did not have a significant effect on false alarms (animate words, M = 4.03, SD = 3.18; inanimate words, M = 4.06, SD = 3.49), t(32) = 0.06. “Remember” and “know” responses Paivio, A., & Csapo, K. (1973). Picture superiority in free recall: Imagery or dual coding? Cognitive Psychology, 5, 176–206. doi: 10.1016/0010-0285(73)90032-7 a b c d e f Frarie, Susan E. (1992). Animacy in Czech and Russian. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.Kroneisen, M., Erdfelder, E., & Buchner, A. (2013). The proximate memory mechanism underlying the survival processing effect: Richness of encoding or interactive imagery? Memory, 21, 494–502. doi: 10.1080/09658211.2012.741603 Wiener, Norbert (1964). Ex-Prodigy: My Childhood and Youth. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0262230117 . Retrieved April 1, 2019.

In 1919, shortly after his withdrawal from law school, Sidis was arrested for participating in a socialist May Day parade in Boston that turned violent. He was sentenced to 18 months in prison under the Sedition Act of 1918 by Roxbury Municipal Court Judge Albert F. Hayden. Sidis's arrest featured prominently in newspapers, as his early graduation from Harvard had garnered considerable local celebrity status. During the trial, Sidis said he had been a conscientious objector to the World War I draft, was a socialist, and did not believe in a god like the "big boss of the Christians", but rather in something that is in a way apart from a human being. [17] [18] He later developed his own libertarian philosophy based on individual rights and "the American social continuity". [19] [20] His father arranged with the district attorney to keep Sidis out of prison before his appeal came to trial; instead, his parents held him in their sanatorium in New Hampshire for a year. They took him to California, where he spent another year. At the sanatorium, his parents set about "reforming" him and threatened him with transfer to an insane asylum. [21] Later life (1921–1944) [ edit ]

Also in accord with the controlled processing hypothesis, Bonin et al. ( 2013) found that the animacy effect in word recognition is specific to recollection, using a recognition “remember/know” paradigm. In that paradigm, for each item that is recognized as old, participants indicate if they “remember” details of the prior presentation, or whether they simply “know” that the item was studied before. Bugaiska et al. ( 2016) also found that the animacy effect in recognition arises from an animacy advantage in “remember” judgments, with no effect on the probability of “know” judgments. The localization of the animacy effect to recognition judgments that are judged to be “

VanArsdall, J. E., Nairne, J. S., Pandeirada, J. N. S., & Blunt, J. R. (2013). Adaptive memory: Animacy processing produces mnemonic advantages. Experimental Psychology, 60, 172–178. doi: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000186Sidis, William James. "Chapter XII". The Animate and the Inanimate. Archived from the original on December 10, 2000 . Retrieved August 29, 2019– via Sidis.net. Sidis, William James. "Letter to Julian Huxley re The Animate and the Inanimate, Monday, August 28, 1916". Sidis.net . Retrieved August 23, 2019. Burns, D. J., Hart, J., Griffith, S. E., & Burns, A. D. (2013). Adaptive memory: The survival scenario enhances item-specific processing relative to a moving scenario. Memory, 21, 695–706. doi: 10.1080/09658211.2012.752506

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